Psychoanalytic Theory of Phobias

Psychoanalytic Theory of Phobias Phobias Causes Print Psychoanalytic Theory of Phobias By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on February 21, 2020 Caiaimage / Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis  and is sometimes considered the father of modern psychology. His ideas and concepts attempted to explain the dynamics of the unconscious mind. According to Freud’s structural theory, the mind consists of three parts: the id, ego, and superego.?? What Is a Phobia? A phobia is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object or situation that poses little real danger but provokes anxiety and avoidance. Unlike the brief anxiety most people feel when they give a speech or take a test, a phobia is long-lasting, causes intense physical and psychological reactions, and can affect your ability to function normally at work or in social settings.?? Several types of phobias exist. Some people fear large, open spaces. Others are unable to tolerate certain social situations. And still, others have a specific phobia, such as a fear of snakes, bees, elevators or flying. Not all phobias need treatment. But if a phobia affects your daily life, several therapies are available that can help you overcome your fearsâ€"often permanently.?? Parts of the Mind The id is the primal portion of the mind. It is inherently self-centered and is the basis of emotions. The superego is the highest level of conscience, passing value judgments and introducing such higher-order feelings as guilt. The ego is the rational mind, which acts as a gatekeeper and moderator between the id and the superego.?? The ego is also the conscious, waking mind. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the ego to moderate behavior in ways that are consistent with societal expectations and norms. If the id is allowed to make decisions unchecked, then the ego is attacked by the superego. On the other hand, if the superego is given free rein, then the id will feel attacked and will lash out.?? Conflict Resolution The ego attempts to modulate these conflicting goals by using a number of coping mechanisms. Repression and sublimation are two of the most common. In repression, the ego attempts to “forget” that the conflict exists. Hypnotists that claim to bring forward repressed memories base their work on the Freudian theory of repression.?? In sublimation, the ego attempts to rechannel an unacceptable drive into a more socially useful outlet. This technique is demonstrated in a humorous way in the character of Orin Scrivello, the sadistic dentist in the film Little Shop of Horrors.?? Theory of Phobias The psychoanalytic theory of phobias is based largely on the theories of repression and displacement. It is believed that phobias are the product of unresolved conflicts between the id and the superego.?? Psychoanalysts generally believe that the conflict originated in childhood, and was either repressed or displaced onto the feared object. The object of the phobia is not the original source of the anxiety.?? Treatment Psychoanalytic treatment involves exploring the organization of the personality and reorganizing it in a way that addresses deep conflicts and defenses. According to the principles of psychoanalysis, curing the phobia is only possible by rooting out and solving the original conflict.?? Psychoanalysis is the form of therapy often seen in old movies. The client generally lies on a couch with the psychoanalyst seated near his or her head. The psychoanalyst does not inject his or her own opinions  but allows the client to transfer feelings onto the analyst. Psychoanalysis is not as popular today as it was a few decades ago, but is still a treatment used to address deep-seated personality issues. The process is generally lengthy, often lasting for many years. It also tends to be expensive, as analysts must undergo extensive training after their regular psychiatry or psychology training is complete.

Military Conscription (Persuasive Essay) - 805 Words

Military Conscription Conscription, or more boldly the draft, has not been in place for some thirty years. While some people cringe at the thought of reinstating the draft, others have different views. This short paper will speak of those different views and the reasons why conscription of military service may not be such a bad idea after all. Having young men or even women drafted in the military would benefit everyone. The soldiers would benefit from gaining the knowledge and on-the-job training for a career when they get out and the militaries would not be suffering from the shortage of troops as they are today. It is a win-win situation! Having served in a country where conscription is the law (and still is today), most South†¦show more content†¦You as the parent know you cannot afford to send all the children to college. Wouldnt it be nice to be able to secure your childrens future? If it were a requirement for men and women to join a branch of the Armed Forces upon graduating from high school, their dreams could become reality! Young people could receive training and money to go to college and fulfill those dreams. If the draft were reinstated there would be more troops to support the current crisis in Iraq. There would also be less turn around of the same troops redeploying to remote parts of the world. Many soldiers are gone from their families for a year, only to return to remote parts of the world after being home for a few months. Think also, the possibility of forcing young criminals between the ages of 18 and 25 to join the military. Maybe due to joining the military, these young criminals would be reformed into honorable, self-respecting individuals or become leaders of our great nation. In addition, if military conscription were implemented, the tax payers would not have to pay for the juvenile criminals to be locked up in maximum or minimum security centers. I served in the United States Army for almost seven years. I loved every minute of it. Well, I might not have enjoyed every minute, but I enjoyed the majority of my time served. The knowledge, insight, training, education and experienceShow MoreRelatedHitlers Promises to the German People2269 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay intends to explore Hitler’s promise of a better future to the German people, and how important it was to the growth in Nazi support up to 1933. This essay will discuss how accurate the view that this promise was what caused the support for the Nazis to grow. There are many things which affected the growth in Nazi popularity and this is what will be discussed in this essay. In 1928 there was a low support for the Nazi party, they only held 12 seats in the Reichstag, but by 1930 the NaziRead MorePropaganda Effects of World War One Essay examples3323 Words   |  14 Pagesto defeat their enemies. This concept of Total War altered the direction of humanity and governments understanding in their allocation of resources. This essay will examine the relationship between propaganda used during World War I, its effect on the masses and the absolutely essential need for the success of such campaigns in obtaining military victory. While leaflet propaganda used during the war will be the main focus, considerations will be given to other forms to illuminate the necessity ofRead MorePropaganda Effects of Wwi3372 Words   |  14 Pagesto defeat their enemies. This concept of Total War altered the direction of humanity and governments understanding in their allocation of resources. This essay will examine the relationship between propaganda used during World War I, its effect on the masses and the absolutely essential need for the success of such campaigns in obtaining military victory. While leaflet propaganda used during the war will be the main focus, considerations will be given to other forms to illuminate the necessity ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

Romeo and Juliet, Cause and Effect - 754 Words

Romeo and Juliet Cause and Effect Were Romeo and Juliet really â€Å"star-crossed† lovers? Some people may argue both ways on this subject, and there could be arguments each way. You would think only bad things could result from love between the two most hateful families ever heard of, and I also believe only bad things could result from this love Romeo and Juliet were horribly in love even though they were both in opposite sides of the Capulet – Montague historic feud. The prologue even states, â€Å"A pair of star- crossed lovers take their life†. So, we know this doomed love will take their lives. But, will they be the only casualties of this hated love? One of the people this doomed love influenced, probably more than†¦show more content†¦If thou be merciful, Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet.† So in the end Paris, Romeo, and Juliet all lay in the tomb- dead. Were Romeo and Juliet really â€Å"star-crossed† lovers? They definitely were. There love did not help anyo ne in the end. The only thing there love produced was hatred, sadness, and deaths. Even though I only discussed three people, their doomed love affected and cost the life of other people involved with the families as well. It’s safe to say, Romeo and Juliet’s love, was doomed at firstShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1552 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet, is a story of forbidden love, drama, and identity. While most may think that this play is just one of those love stories read for entertainment, it holds a many connotations that can relate to modern society. As Romeo and Juliet s love develops, so does their deadly secret retracting them from one another more and more. As these two children learn the true meaning of love, they are blinded by the world around them. Their identity takes a strong stand in their ability to love oneRead More Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesTragedy of Romeo and Juliet, far too many coincidences occur to be strictly coincidental. Fate creates a powerful effect throughout the entire play, starting in the prologue, continuing as Romeo and Juliet meet and fall in love, and tragically ending in the lovers’ deaths. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the prologue, Shakespeare makes it undoubtedly clear that Romeo and Juliet are subject to fate. The audience is first introduced to Shakespeare’s ideas of fate when he describes Romeo and Juliet as â€Å"star-cross’dRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet898 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play written by William Shakespeare in the 14th century. It is a beautiful tragedy about two star-crossed lovers and their journey together despite their feuding families’ protests. As a result of said feud, both Romeo and Juliet ended their lives, as a result of thinking that the other was dead. If we take this kind of situation and put it into the modern world, someone would be blamed for these tragic deaths. The only question is who. Their parents are toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1139 Words   |  5 Pagesimmature and impulsive characteristics. The tragic story of Romeo and Juliet, written by the well-known author William Shakespeare centers on a corrupt society and the romance of two young lovers, each a member of one of the feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues. The importance of wealth, status and pride in society causes each of the family’s to disregard and neglect the new love formed by their immature childr en, Romeo and Juliet. The neglectful decisions created by the families, leadsRead MoreRomeo and Juliet906 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet: Essay Topic Sentence: Who, in your opinion, is most to blame for this tragedy? One of Shakespeare’s most known plays is the love story between Romeo and Juliet, which ends up as a tragedy. There are many different reasons and causes to why this tragedy occurred between the two young lovers, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Laurance, their parents and also the element of fate. Romeo and Juliet are two young lovers who seem to rush the love between each other by becoming married to afterRead MoreFate In Romeo and Juliet Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, is a famous tragic love story that bases on a young couple from the rival families, the Montagues, and the Capulets, in which the death of the young couple finally end the ‘ancient grudge’ between the two families. Their result of death is believed to be cause mostly by the fate, which brings them closer and closer to their inevitable destiny, death. In many places in the play Shakespeare also uses words like ‘fortune’, ‘sail’, ‘star s’ to reveal that fateRead MoreMore Than 50,000 Deaths In America Each Year Are Caused1436 Words   |  6 Pagescan become irrational and ignorant towards the actions one has made. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, the Friar reflects upon the goods and evils of herbs, the Friar convinced Juliet to use a sleeping poison, and Romeo bribed an apothecary to give him a deadly poison. These events that occurred in the play show how illegal substances affected the result of the play drastically by leading to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Utilizing and abusing illegal substances occur within Shakespearean times as wellRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Analyzation Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesapplies to real life. We come to acknowledge the fact that each event in our lives, each person has an effect on our futures. In Shakespeare’s tragedy of â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, a pair of â€Å"star-crossed lovers take their life†. This event alone, however, is not the cause of just Romeo and Juliet, but all the people in the fair city of Verona. As W.H. Auden, a poet and critic, once wrote, â€Å"†Romeo and Juliet† is not simply a tragedy of two individuals, but the tragedy of a city. Everybody in the city is inRead MoreTheme Of Love In Romeo And Juliet913 Words   |  4 PagesClassic literature has timeless relevance. William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Romeo and Juliet (1599) is a play about star-crossed lovers who eventually are unable to run away and live together and enjoy their marriage. The play explores contrasting themes of several types love and hate, which in a way represents the motif of light versus dark that is presented in the play. These themes rely on each other to exist and lead to so many of the tragic events in the play. Love and hate have always been experiencedRead MoreThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Play Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deaths of Romeo and Juliet in William Shakespeares Play Romeo and Juliet was written in 1595 for an Elizabethan audience. It was set in Verona and Mantua in Italy. People of Shakespeares time thought of Italy as immoral and famous for it sexual affairs and crime. The audience would have expected Romeo and Juliet to include affairs and violence but would still react shocked to the actions going on in the play, as even though it would be normal, because of the notorious

Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc Free Essays

In line with HSBC’s aim for development with global focus, the company was able to adopt a strategy, which enhances its technology development through information systems operations. This strategy was able to increase staff retention rates, and decrease staff turnover, which brings greater continuity and efficiency to the company’s projects (Annesley 2006). Moreover, in terms of internet communications, HSBC has a single global center of excellence for e-commerce IT, made up of collocated businesses and staff, distributed in international offices, such as in New Jersey, Chicago, Canada, Hong Kong and London. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc or any similar topic only for you Order Now In accordance to this, HSBC was also able to implement and introduce another feature of HSBC. com, the HSBCnet, which is its developed key global platform, designed for commercial customers in other countries. HSBCnet includes services for global markets, global cash management and investment banking that are being used regularly by corporate customers. Moreover, as an response to the need of security, the company has developed a second-generation internet technologies, exposing customers to intelligent, personalized content and better targeted marketing, and this feature allows the customers to save time, avoid repetition of tasks by pre-filling in application forms, to come back to a product offer, and get to the end of an application process (Annesley 2006). Furthermore, the company has also developed the successful credit card authorization and accounting platform, which consists of linked applications, such as credit assessment, risk-based pricing, card ordering and transaction processing and reporting (Annesley 2006). These strategies enabled HSBC to gain competitive advantage over their competitors, by implementing an effective and efficient Internet-based information system. These strategies become relevant to the problems of Nokia because like HSBC, they can also develop the same strategies and use them for their own advantage How to cite Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc, Essays

Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc Free Essays

In line with HSBC’s aim for development with global focus, the company was able to adopt a strategy, which enhances its technology development through information systems operations. This strategy was able to increase staff retention rates, and decrease staff turnover, which brings greater continuity and efficiency to the company’s projects (Annesley 2006). Moreover, in terms of internet communications, HSBC has a single global center of excellence for e-commerce IT, made up of collocated businesses and staff, distributed in international offices, such as in New Jersey, Chicago, Canada, Hong Kong and London. We will write a custom essay sample on Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc or any similar topic only for you Order Now In accordance to this, HSBC was also able to implement and introduce another feature of HSBC. com, the HSBCnet, which is its developed key global platform, designed for commercial customers in other countries. HSBCnet includes services for global markets, global cash management and investment banking that are being used regularly by corporate customers. Moreover, as an response to the need of security, the company has developed a second-generation internet technologies, exposing customers to intelligent, personalized content and better targeted marketing, and this feature allows the customers to save time, avoid repetition of tasks by pre-filling in application forms, to come back to a product offer, and get to the end of an application process (Annesley 2006). Furthermore, the company has also developed the successful credit card authorization and accounting platform, which consists of linked applications, such as credit assessment, risk-based pricing, card ordering and transaction processing and reporting (Annesley 2006). These strategies enabled HSBC to gain competitive advantage over their competitors, by implementing an effective and efficient Internet-based information system. These strategies become relevant to the problems of Nokia because like HSBC, they can also develop the same strategies and use them for their own advantage How to cite Internet Marketing Strategies of Hsbc, Essays

Sport Tourism free essay sample

One World Championship in 1999, the current Malaysian Grand Prix is held at the hyper-modern Sepang International Circuit at Sepang, Malaysia. FIA-sanctioned racing in Malaysia has existed since the 1960s. The nine World Championship Malaysian Grand Prix have seen a good deal of action on and off the track, while the weather – furnace heat one minute, tropical storm the next – adds extra spice. The most notable Grand Prix at Sepang to date was the inaugural event in 1999. It saw Michael Schumacher return to the sport after his absence due to a broken leg sustained at that years British Grand Prix, dominating the race and handing the victory to title-hopeful team-mate Eddie Irvine, only for both Ferraris to be disqualified due to a technical irregularity, handing the title – until the stewards decision was over-ruled – to Mika Hakkinen. Since 2001, the Malaysian Grand Prix has moved from the end of the schedule to the beginning, which has seen some topsy-turvy results as teams and drivers get to grips with their new equipment, with many races heavily influenced by the winners and losers of the scramble for position into the tight double hairpin bend at the first corner. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Sepang International Circuit (SIC) is the venue used for the Formula One Malaysian Grand Prix, A1 Grand Prix as well as the Malaysian Motorcycle Grand Prix. It is also used as a venue for many other major motorsport events. Widely regarded as a benchmark for other Grand Prix venues, the Sepang circuit boasts superb pit garage and media facilities, as well as impressive grandstands and patron amenities. For 2009, the F1 season in Malaysia will be held from 3 to 5 April. Le Tour de Langkawi. The 2009 Le Tour de Langkawi (LTdL) will feature 20 teams from 9 to 15, starting in Putrajaya, the home of Malaysian government and finishing in the country’s capital, Kuala Lumpur, with the traditional criterium at Dataran Merdeka. According to LTdL 2009 Chief of Operations Datuk Naim Mohamad, the selection of the teams has been the hardest ever. â€Å"We have received almost 50 bids from different teams from all over the world. It means the seven-day race format suits more teams than before. With a more compact field, we expect an even more challenging race,† he says. As usual, the five continents will be competing in Malaysia for Asia’s biggest stage race. Naim says they have composed a balanced field with the priority being given to most competitive teams from Europe and America as they are aware of the importance of the Hors-Category status of the event. â€Å"Although we are geographically far from the heart of cycling in Europe, we believe in the anti-doping policy put together by the UCI, the professional teams and the race organisers. We support the initiative of the biological passport. Therefore, we have selected nine teams that adhere to the biological passport program and are eligible for the Grand Tours. † Among these nine teams, four come from the Pro Tour circuit: Garmin-Chipotle from the USA, Ag2r and Bouygues Telecom from France, as well as Fuji-Servetto from Spain. The five Pro Continental teams are Diquigiovanni (Venezuela), CSF (Ireland), Vorarlberg-Corratec (Austria), ISD (Italy) and the Swiss-based Cervelo Test Team of Tour de France winner Carlos Sastre. â€Å"We are very happy to welcome newly born and extremely promising teams like Cervelo and ISD†, Naim quips. â€Å"Two years ago, we were the first organisers to invite Slipstream to a H. C. event because we thought this team had a fantastic future. We are also delighted to see them coming back as Garmin-Chipotle with the prestige of being one of the world’s most competitive teams for the Tour de France and the big classics. † Oceania and Africa will be represented in Malaysia by the Australian and South African national teams respectively. Le Tour de Langkawi is organised by the Malaysian National Cycling Federation (MNCF). Other national teams from Asia will be Malaysia, China, Iran and Kazakhstan while Asian continental teams will complete the line up – MCF and LeTua from Malaysia, Meitan-GDR from Japan, Seoul Cycling from Korea and the Doha Team from Qatar for which it will be a first appearance at Le Tour de Langkawi. The 20 participating teams are Garmin-Chipotle, Ag2r, Bouygues Telecom, Fuji-Servetto, Diquigiovanni, CSF, Vorarlberg-Corratec, ISD, Cervelo, Australia, South Africa, Malaysia, China, Iran, Kazakhstan, MCF, LeTua, Meitan-GDR, Seoul Cyling and Doha Team. More than 800 million viewers are expected to watch the telecast of Le Tour de Langkawi through sports channels all over the world. The race will be telecast via ESPN, Starsports, Supersports, Eurosports, Total Sports and more apart from the local broadcast stations. The Monsoon Cup. The Monsoon Cup was first initiated by the Malaysian Prime Minister, Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi during his fishing trip in Terengganu. The Prime Minister thought the monsoon season should be used as an advantage to the state and the people rather than being seen as a hurdle. The Monsoon Cup 2005 celebrated its inauguration and debut as the 50th official event of the Swedish Match Tour (now known as the World Match Racing Tour), and serves as the Malaysian leg for the prestigious international sailing event. Dubbed The Formula One of Sailing, this professional sailing series was formed in 2000 to unite the worlds best match-race regattas under one banner. The World Match Tour comprises 10 events in nine specially selected locations around the world. As the leading professional sailing series in the world, the Tour events are recognised as must-attend regattas on the match-race circuit. The Monsoon Cup in 2008 offerred the second highest prize money in the world (RM1 million) for a match racing event. Richard Mille is also the official time keeper for the event.

Developmental Theories Essays

Developmental Theories Essays Developmental Theories Essay Developmental Theories Essay â€Å"All developmental theories can be distilled into one powerful statement – if there is no development, there is no learning. † Do you agree? Use examples from some of the theories that you have encountered to justify your response. Over the years, many psychologists, scholars, mathematicians, teachers and counsellors have pondered this exact statement. I, at the risk of being predictable, agree with this statement but then also think that the idea can be reversed – saying that without learning, there will be limited development. This is not a hasty decision, the studies of Piaget and Vygotsky, along with numerous others cited in Educational Psychology (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007) and academic journals all point to the conclusive outcome that development is essential to learning. Development, on a biological, social, emotional and cognitive level is defined in Educational Psychology as â€Å"certain changes that occur in human beings†¦between conception and death† (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007) and â€Å"[these changes] are generally assumed to be for the better and result in behaviour that is more adaptive, more organised, more effective and more complex† (Mussen, Conger and Kagan, 1984). Development is therefore essentially PROGRESSION. Another source even says â€Å"the development of children unfolds along individual pathways whose trajectories are characterized by continuities and discontinuities, as well as by a series of significant transitions† (Shonkoff and Phillips 2000), showing that development is a process and a period of transition. Jean Piaget (1954) is explained in Educational Psychology to believe that â€Å"our thinking processes change radically, though slowly, from birth to maturity because we constantly strive to make sense of the world† (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007). Piaget also â€Å"began to suspect that the key to human knowledge might be discovered by observing how the childs mind develops† (Papert, 1999). He then went on to discuss the term â€Å"social transmission† which means learning from others, and commented that â€Å"the amount people can learn from social transmission varies according to their stage of cognitive development† (Piaget in Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007). Piaget essentially believed that â€Å"cognitive development has to come before learning – the child has to be ‘ready’ to learn† (Piaget in Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007) and Diana Fox repeated this in her essay, Ages and Stages – â€Å"it is often said that the early childhood years are the getting ready phase of development and learning† (Fox, 2002). Jean Piaget pioneered the concept of the four major stages of cognitive development, the sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete-operational and formal-operation. All of these stages are very closely linked to the idea that development and learning go side by side, for instance, in the pre-operational stage, Educational Psychology states that you can â€Å"see the rapid development of that very important symbol system, language† (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007). The child therefore needs to â€Å"develop† the capacity to learn the language and if they didn’t develop, they wouldn’t learn. So from Piaget’s teachings about the stages of operation and the way in which we learn, it is clear that learning can only come about with cognitive development. Lev Vygotsky (1978) recognised that â€Å"the child’s culture shapes cognitive development by determining what and how the child will learn about the world† (Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007), thus confirming the other statement being made in this essay – that the lack of learning will affect the development of the child. Vygotsky said that â€Å"interaction encourages development by creating cognitive conflict that motivated change† (Vygotsky in Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007). This shows that through social interactions between peers (learning), it fosters development to a higher learning level – hence moving into the territory of Piaget’s work. Vygotsky had the theory of â€Å"the zone of proximal development† which is â€Å"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers†. He shows that â€Å"the key to hearty intellectual growth was for children to be supported in this zone. That way, learning could actually shape development† (Thurber, 2003). For the child to be assisted by a supportive and non-judgemental elder, the potential development is far greater then if the child was left to perform in his or her own capacity. For a child trying to learn un-assisted, cognitive development that is â€Å"more adaptive, more organised, ore effective and more complex† (Mussen, Conger and Kagan, 1984) would be lesser than learning with an experienced other because, according to Thurber, â€Å"physical and sensory exploration boost cognitive development† (Thurber, 2003). The statement, â€Å"children are active participants in their own development, reflecting the intrinsic human drive to explore and master ones environment† (Shonkoff and Phillips 2000), can also support the notion that development and learning go hand-in-hand. The drive to explore and master is obviously a means of learning about ones surroundings and the statement shows that through this learning, development occurs. Furthermore, Shonkoff and Phillips (2000) also go on to say that â€Å"human development is shaped by a dynamic and continuous interaction between biology and experience†. Therefore children require â€Å"continuous interaction† with wiser mentors (Vygotskyan theory) and their development occurs while they attempt to â€Å"master† their environments (Piaget). When commenting on Piaget’s work, another source commented that â€Å"as children grow older, they develop progressively better rules and strategies for solving problems and thinking logically† (Seigler in Woolfolk and Margetts, 2007). He then went on to say that teachers can help students develop their capacities for learning. This infers that students or children need to develop in order to learn. Without the development of these learning capacities, learning will not take place. But as we look at Vygotsky, we can see an extension of Piaget’s theories, detailing that without learning, development will be limited.